Efficiency and energy‐loss analysis for hybrid <scp>AC</scp> / <scp>DC</scp> distribution systems and microgrids: A review

Historically, the development and design of distribution systems (DSs) microgrids (MGs) were based primarily on alternating current (AC) as a traditional approach due to many advantages such eliminating need for synchronization, well ease integrating distributed energy resources (DERs). Recently, given democratization DER through local installations renewable appliances using power electronics, direct (DC-MGs) are gaining more momentum. In order enable durable economically viable use by DC AC DERs into microgrids, hybrid AC/DC (HMGs-AC/DC) present one most promising approaches in AC-DC or DC-AC conversions. The improvement efficiency, protection, management, control this kind relevant research topics. This article provides an overview theoretical works industrial applications microgrids/distribution systems. addition, efficiency/energy-losses study different literature-based is discussed. Accordingly, critical analysis provided, perspectives related subject outlined. review can be considered guide future efficiency losses systems/microgrids.